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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(supl.3): 338-345, Jul.-Sep. 2014. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757337

ABSTRACT

The Isla de Aves Wildlife Refuge is the northernmost portion of the Venezuelan territory generating 135 000km² of Exclusive Economic Zone. Studies on coral communities are scarce and old (1970s), due to its location 650km northeast of La Guaira Port and because it has military facilities. To upgrade baseline information we estimated size structure, percent live cover, species composition and abundance of corals and octocorals. We evaluated 16 sites around the island using the AGRRA Protocol (band-transects 10 m²) between 1.5 and 21m depth (n=67 transects), and visual surveys conducted in other five sites. We recorded 2 327 colonies belonging to four hydroid species and 36 species of stony corals in 11 families. The values for diversity, dominance and evenness of the coral community ranged between 0.78 and 2.12 (SW), 0.15 and 0.61 and 0.57 y 0.92 respectively. Most coral species had relative abundance values under 3%, except Porites astreoides (25.57%), Pseudodiploria strigosa (18.22%) and Siderastrea siderea (14.44%). They were represented mostly by smaller colonies, between 3 and 30cm in maximum diameter and between 0 and 5cm high. A total of 13 octocoral species belonging to three families were identified. Pseudopterogorgia americana was the most abundant species. The mean percent of live coral (including hydrocorals) was 22.30% (SE=1.73) (15.45% for dead coral, SE=3.28). Dead coral had the highest percentage of dissimilarity between sites (9.21%) (ANOSIM) and 16.57% contribution (SIMPER analysis). Octocoral live cover ranged from 0 to 21.35% with a mean of 6.38% (SE=0.99). Research on benthic communities of Isla de Aves should continue, especially in the deeper areas, to assess ecological conditions.


El Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves (RFSIA) representa la porción más septentrional del territorio Venezolano, generando 135 000km² de Zona Económica Exclusiva. Los estudios sobre sus comunidades coralinas son escasos y en su mayoría datan de la década de los setenta, por su ubicación a 650km al nor-este del Puerto de la Guaira y por su condición de zona militar. Para actualizar y obtener una línea base cuantitativa sobre la estructura de las comunidades coralinas de la isla, se estimó la cobertura lineal, estructura de tallas, composición y abundancia de corales y octocorales. Evaluamos 16 sitios alrededor de la isla empleando el Protocolo AGGRA (banda-transectas de 10m²) entre 1.5 y 21m de profundidad (n= 67 transectas) y se realizaron censos visuales en 5 sitios más. Observamos un total de 2 327 colonias pertenecientes a cuatro especies de hidrozoos y 36 especies de corales pétreos pertenecientes a 11 familias. Los valores de diversidad, dominancia y equitatividad de la comunidad de corales oscilaron entre 0.78 y 2.12 (S-W); 0.15 y 0.61 y 0.57 y 0.92 respectivamente. La mayor parte de los corales presentaron valores de abundancia relativa menores al 3%, a excepción de Porites astreoides (25.57%), Pseudodiploria strigosa (18.22%) y Siderastrea siderea (14.44%). La estructura de tallas de estas especies estuvo representada en su mayoría por las categorías de tallas más pequeñas, entre los 3 y 30cm de diámetro máximo y entre 0 y 5cm de altura. Se identificaron un total de 13 especies de octocorales pertenecientes a 3 familias, siendo Pseudopterogorgia americana la especie dominante en abundancia. La cobertura promedio de coral vivo (incluyendo hidrocorales) fue de 22.30% (SE=1.73) (coral muerto 15.45%,SE=3.28). El coral muerto es la que presentó el mayor porcentaje de disimilaridad entre sitios (9.21%) (ANOSIM); con un porcentaje de contribución de 16.57% (Análisis SIMPER). La cobertura viva lineal de octocorales varió entre 0 y 21.35% (SE=3.65) con un promedio de 6.38% (SE=0.99). Las investigaciones sobre las comunidades bentónicas de Isla de Aves deben continuar, especialmente en las zonas más profundas, para evaluar las ocndiciones ecológicas.

2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(supl.1): 209-219, feb. 2014. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: lil-753734

ABSTRACT

Owing to the decrease of reef organisms in general, it has become essential to study populations that are prone to marine diseases, with the purpose of developing accurate survivorship predictions and in turn alarm on triggers and drivers of disease outbreaks. In this study, we quantified the octocorals of Gorgona island, Tropical Eastern Pacific (Colombia), during 2007 and 2009 documenting a mass mortality occurred during 2008. We recorded 16 octocoral species with densities that ranged between 2 and 30 colonies m-2. Most abundant octocorals were Leptogorgia alba and Pacifigorgia spp. (Gorgoniidae: Octocorallia). During 2009 we noticed a mass mortality involving Pacifigorgia irene, P. adamsi, P. rubicunda and P. eximia, with a reduction of 70% of the colonies between 12 and 20 m in water depth. Around 5% of seafans during 2007 had an epizootic disease similar to aspergillosis, which seems the cause of the mass octocoral mortality. This disease outbreak observed in Gorgona island, and other nearby areas of the Colombian Pacific during 2007-2010, corresponded to extended periods of anomalous elevated seawater surface temperatures and thermal anomalies during the upwelling season of 2008. Constant monitoring of seawater temperatures and octocoral populations are urgently needed in this area to understand the nature of this new disease outbreak. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 209-219. Epub 2014 February 01.


Debido a la disminución de los organismos de los arrecifes en general, es fundamental conocer las poblaciones de organismos propensos a enfermedades marinas, con el propósito de desarrollar predicciones precisas de supervivencia y a su vez dar la alarma sobre los motivos y las causas de los brotes de las enfermedades. En este estudio, hemos cuantificado los octocorales de la Isla Gorgona, Pacífico Oriental Tropical (Colombia), durante 2007 y 2009, y documentamos una mortalidad masiva que se produjo durante el año 2008. Se registraron 16 especies de octocorales con densidades que oscilan entre 2 y 30 colonias m-2. Los octocorales más abundantes fueron Leptogorgia alba y Pacifigorgia spp. (Gorgoniidae: Octocorallia). Durante el año 2009 nos dimos cuenta de una mortalidad masiva que afectaba a Pacifigorgia irene, P. adamsi, P. rubicunda y P. eximia, con una reducción del 70% de las colonias entre 12 y 20 m de profundidad. Alrededor del 5% de los abanicos de mar durante el año 2007 tenían una epizootia similar a la aspergilosis, que parece ser la causa de la mortalidad masiva de octocorales. Este brote de la enfermedad observada en la Isla Gorgona, y otras zonas cercanas del Pacífico colombiano durante el período 2007-2010, corresponden a períodos prolongados de altas temperaturas superficiales del mar y de anomalías térmicas durante la temporada de surgencia durante 2008. Se necesita con urgencia un monitoreo constante de las temperaturas marinas y de las poblaciones de octocorales en esta área para comprender la naturaleza de este nuevo brote de enfermedad marina.


Subject(s)
Anthozoa , Coral Reefs , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Marine Flora , Disease , Colombia
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(supl.1): 199-207, feb. 2014. ilus, graf, mapas
Article in English | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: lil-753733

ABSTRACT

Carijoa riisei (Octocorallia: Cnidaria), a western Atlantic species, has been reported in the Pacific as an invasive species for nearly forty years. C. riisei has been recently observed overgrowing native octocorals at several rocky-coral littorals in the Colombian Tropical Eastern Pacific-(TEP). C. riisei has inhabited these reefs for at least 15 years but the aggressive overgrowth on other octocorals have been noted until recently. Here, we surveyed for the first time the distribution and inter-specific aggression by C. riisei in both coastal and oceanic areas colonized in the Colombian TEP (Malpelo, Gorgona and Cabo Corrientes), including preliminary multiyear surveys during 2007-2013. We observed community-wide octocoral mortalities (including local extinction of some Muricea spp.) and a steady occurrence of competing and overgrowing Pacifigorgia seafans and Leptogorgia seawhips. In Gorgona Island, at two different sites, over 87% (n=77 tagged colonies) of octocorals (Pacifigorgia spp. and Leptogorgia alba) died as a result of C. riisei interaction and/or overgrowth between 2011 and 2013. C. riisei overgrows octocorals with an estimate at linear growth rate of about 1cm m-1. The aggressive overgrowth of this species in TEP deserves more attention and regular monitoring programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 199-207. Epub 2014 February 01.


Carijoa riisei (Octocorallia: Cnidaria), una especie nativa del Atlántico Occidental. Sin embargo, se ha reportado como especie exótica invasora en el Pacífico desde hace unos cuarenta años y en la costa occidental de Colombia hace 15-20 años. Recientemente C. riisei se ha observado sobrecreciendo octocorales nativos en varios litorales rocosos coralinos en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical-(POT) de Colombia. C. riisei ha habitado estos arrecifes durante al menos 15 años, pero este comportamiento agresivo frente a otros octocorales no se habían notado hasta hace unos pocos años. En este estudio, se evalúa por primera vez, en las zonas costeras y oceánicas, la distribución e incidencia C. riisei en otros octocorales del POT colombiano (Malpelo, Gorgona y Cabo Corrientes), incluyendo información observaciones entre 2007-2013. Hemos observado mortalidad en toda la comunidad de octocorales (incluyendo la extinción local de algunas especies de Muricea) y una constante competencia y cubrimiento de abanicos de mar Pacifigorgia y gorgonáceos Leptogorgia. C. riisei presento una tasa lineal de crecimiento sobre otros octocorales de aproximadamente 1 cm m-1. El comportamiento agresivo de C. riisei en el POT merece más atención y programas regulares de monitoreo.


Subject(s)
Cnidaria/growth & development , Anthozoa/classification , Introduced Species , Colombia , Coral Reefs
4.
Rev. biol. trop ; 58(4): 1211-1221, dic. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637995

ABSTRACT

Structure and injuries of octocoral communities (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of Ecological Reserve Siboney-Juticí, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. In the spur-and-groove reefs of the Ecological Reserve Siboney-Juticí (Southeast Cuba) octocorals are one of the predominant components of the sessile fauna. Main objectives of the present paper are characterizing the composition, structure and conservation status of the octocoral communities and assessing on the prevailing environmental conditions in the study area. For data collection, six sampling sites were located every 2-3km ranging from 12m to 17m depth along the spur-and-groove reefs. In each site, 22-26 1m² quadrants were zigzag arranged every 2m. The density of colonies was determined per site. The severity degree and predictability of environmental conditions were inferred by using the Heterogeneity and Equitability indexes, respectively. Hydrodynamic stress and the Comparative Pollution Index were also assessed. Current affectations of the octocoral communities were also determined and classified into four main categories: mechanical damage, diseases, predation and invertebrate and macroalgae overgrowth. As a result, 25 species represented by 752 colonies were recorded and Eunicea flexuosa and Gorgonia ventalina were the most abundant. The occurrence of Eunicea succinea forma succinea constituted the first report for Eastern Cuba. Site densities ranged from 3.58±1.84 to 7.58±2.16 colonies/m² and considered from moderate to low. The biggest densities were reported at both sides of the San Juan River mouth. Despite of the composition and structure of the octocoral communities, low to high hydrodynamic stress and low and moderate levels of contamination were inferred, it is likely that these indexes could have been overestimated due to the sensitivity of the indicator species to other factors such as sedimentation. The environmental conditions were mostly favorable and stable. In general, the number of dead colonies was low and mostly caused by the detachment of the substrate and overgrowth of Millepora alcicornis. Injuries were mainly brought about by mechanical damage, followed by coenenchyme loss, predation by Cyphoma gibbosum and macroalgae overgrowth. On the other hand, negative effects by Hermodice carunculata predation, bleaching, Red Band and Black Band Disease were not observed. Among sampled species, G. ventalina colonies were the most severely damaged within the community. As a whole, octocoral communities of spur-and-groove reefs in the Ecological Reserve Siboney-Juticí showed a good conservation status. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1211-1221. Epub 2010 December 01.


Se estudió la comunidad de octocorales del arrecife de macizos y canales de la Reserva Ecológica Siboney- Juticí (sur oriente de Cuba) con el objetivo de caracterizar su composición, estructura y estado de conservación, así como inferir a partir de estas las condiciones ambientales imperantes en el área. La investigación se realizó entre enero y junio de 2009, en seis localidades ubicadas entre 12m y 17m de profundidad. Como unidad de muestreo se empleó un marco de 1m², el cual fue puesto en zigzag cada 2m sobre la superficie del arrecife de macizos. Se determinó, por localidad, la densidad de colonias y se infirieron los grados de severidad, constancia ambiental, tensión hidrodinámica y el Índice Comparativo de Contaminación. Se determinaron, además, los daños en la comunidad de octocorales. Se analizaron 752 colonias e identificaron 25 especies de octocorales. Eunicea flexuosa y Gorgonia ventalina fueron las especies más abundantes. La densidad fluctuó entre 3.58±1.84 colonias/m² y 7.58±2.16 colonias/ m² (densidad de baja a moderada tendiendo a baja). En la zona se infirió una tensión hidrodinámica entre baja y alta, con niveles de contaminación bajos y moderados, y un ambiente generalmente favorable y constante. Los daños de tipo mecánico fueron los más frecuentes, siendo G. ventalina la especie con más colonias dañadas. La comunidad de octocorales del hábitat de macizos y canales de la Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí presentó un buen estado de conservación.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anthozoa/classification , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Monitoring , Water Pollution/analysis , Anthozoa/physiology , Biodiversity , Cuba , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seawater
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(1): 65-75, mar. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-496389

ABSTRACT

The composition and structure of octocoral communities on coral reefs close to a submarine outfall were studied at Reparto Flores, west of Havana City, Cuba. Octocoral community changes after the deployment of the submarine outfall in 2000 were monitored from June 2002 to September 2005, taking as baseline the data existing before its construction. The area also receives the influence of the polluted river Quibú that passes through a great part of the west side of the City. Sampling was done by means of SCUBA diving, counting and identifying colonies in situ within a 1 m2 frame that was randomly placed as many times as to warrant stabilized values of Shannon and Weaver's heterogeneity index H'. In agreement with the available hydrochemical information, changes in the diversity indexes (Shannon and Weaver's heterogeneity index H', Pielou's equitability index J', and Margalef's species richness index R1), the Herrera-Moreno's comparative pollution index (ICC), and density of some octocoral species at a depth of 10 m suggest a decrease in the influence of polluters from 1989 to 2005. Nevertheless, these indicators were affected in 2004 by a sudden intense but brief colonization of Briareum asbestinum, a species that is not typical of polluted places. At a depth of 20 m, a co-dominance of Plexaura kuekenthali and Eunicea clavigera (resistant and non resistant to pollution, respectively) and an increase of the comparative pollution index (ICC) was observed. The increase of P. kuekenthali, a pollution indicator, suggests a rise in the pollution effect 20 m in depth, because of the recent impact caused by the greater closeness of the outfall mouth 50 m deep. Results corroborate the hypothesis about the pollution indicator character of P. kuekenthali. However, this could not be explored for Eunicea flexuosa (also considered a pollution-indicator) due to an intensive illegal selective extraction for lucrative handicraft purposes, which...


Para profundizar en las respuestas de las comunidades de octocorales a la influencia de residuales urbanos se estudió su composición y estructura en sitios de arrecife cercanos a un emisario submarino urbano en el Reparto Flores, La Habana, Cuba. Desde junio del 2002 hasta septiembre del 2005, se efectuó el monitoreo de los cambios ocurridos en las comunidades después de la puesta en operación del emisario en el año 2000, tomando como línea base datos existentes antes del inicio de su construcción. El muestreo se realizó mediante buceo SCUBA, contando e identificando las colonias in situ dentro de cuadricula de 1 m2 de lado. Diversos índices sugieren una disminución de la influencia de la contaminación en la última década.El incremento de P. kuekenthali (indicadora de contaminación, , sugiere un aumento del efecto de la contaminación a 20 m de profundidad debido al impacto reciente de la mayor cercanía del desagüe del emisario que se encuentra a 50 m de profundidad. B. asbestinum y E. clavigera se perfilaron como poco resistentes a la contaminación.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anthozoa/classification , Anthozoa/physiology , Biodiversity , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Environmental Monitoring , Water Pollution/adverse effects , Cuba , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seawater
6.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 17(3): 287-318, jul.-set. 2007. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-465467

ABSTRACT

Herein we present the results of a screening with 349 crude extracts of Brazilian marine sponges, ascidians, bryozoans and octocorals, against 16 strains of susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, one yeast (Candida albicans), Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, three cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast), B16 (murine melanoma ) and HCT8 (colon), and Leishmania tarentolae adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (L-APRT) enzyme. Less than 15 percent of marine sponge crude extracts displayed antibacterial activity, both against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Up to 40 percent of marine sponge crude extracts displayed antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Cytotoxicity was observed for 18 percent of marine sponge crude extracts. Finally, less than 3 percent of sponge extracts inhibited L-APRT. Less than 10 percent of ascidian crude extracts displayed antibacterial activity. More than 25 percent of ascidian crude extracts were active against M. tuberculosis and the three cancer cell lines. Only two crude extracts from the ascidian Polysyncraton sp. collected in different seasons (1995 and 1997) displayed activity against L-APRT. Less than 2 percent of bryozoan and octocoral crude extracts presented antibacterial activity, but a high percentage of crude extracts from bryozoan and octororal displayed cytotoxic (11 percent and 30 percent, respectively) and antimycobacterial (60 percent) activities. The extract of only one species of bryozoan, Bugula sp., presented inhibitory activity against L-APRT. Overall, the crude extracts of marine invertebrates herein investigated presented a high level of cytotoxic and antimycobacterial activities, a lower level of antibacterial activity and only a small number of crude extracts inhibited L-APRT. Taxonomic analysis of some of the more potently active crude extracts showed the occurrence of biological activity in taxa that have been previously chemically investigated. These...


No presente estudo apresentamos resultados da triagem biológica realizada com 349 extratos obtidos de esponjas marinhas, ascídias, briozoários e octocorais do Brasil, em testes contra 16 linhagens de bactérias comuns e resistentes à antibióticos, uma levedura (Candida albicans), Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, três linhagens de células tumorais MCF-7 (mama), B16 (melanoma murínico) e HCT8 (cólon), e de inibição da enzima adenina fosforribosil transferase de Leishmania tarentolae (L-APRT). Menos de 15 por cento dos extratos de esponja marinhas apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, contra linhagens resistentes ou não a antibióticos. Quase 40 por cento dos extratos de esponjas marinhas apresentaram atividade antimicobacteriana contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Foi observada citotoxicidade para 18 por cento dos extratos de esponjas marinhas. Finalmente, menos de 3 por cento dos extratos de esponjas apresentaram atividade inibitória da enzima L-APRT. Menos de 10 por cento dos extratos de ascídias apresentaram atividade antibacteriana. Mais de 25 por cento dos extratos de ascídias apresentaram atividade contra M. tuberculosis e as três linhagens de células tumorais. Somente dois extratos obtidos da ascídia Polysyncraton sp. coletada em duas diferentes épocas (1995 e 1997) apresentaram atividade contra L-APRT. Menos de 2 por cento dos extratos de briozoários e octocorais apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, mas uma alta percentagem de extratos destes animais apresentaram atividades citotóxica (11 por cento e 30 por cento, respectivamente) e antimicobacteriana (60 por cento). O extrato de somente uma espécie de briozoário, Bugula sp., apresentou atividade inibitória da enzima L-APRT. A análise taxonômica de algumas espécies de invertebrados que forneceram alguns dos extratos mais ativos, indicou a ocorrência de atividade biológica em espécies pertencentes a grupos taxonômicos que já foram anteriormente investigados do ponto de vista...


Subject(s)
Bryozoa , In Vitro Techniques , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Porifera , Urochordata
7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 54(2): 423-443, jun. 2006. tab, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-492055

ABSTRACT

The Jaragua National Park is located in a remote area to the SW coast of the Dominican Republic. Fishing and mining are the major human activities. The main reef formations of the Park include: (a) long bank reefs (spur and groove) growing as bands over the platform and running in a SW-NW direction at 12-25 m depth, (b) well developed, deep, fringing reefs at the platform edge (drop-off) areas which could extend from 10 to 45 m depth, and (c) small patch reefs and poorly developed coral-octocoral-sponge-algal communities in shallow platforms near shore, rocky bottoms, and over the submerged walls of the uplifted reef. Nine reef localities were surveyed between Cabo Beata and Bahia Honda using Scuba diving to inventory the diversity and relative abundance of scleractinian corals, octocorals and sponges. Fringing reefs were surveyed starting at the bottom (30 m) and swimming in a zig-zag pattern (50 m on each side) to shallower areas. Bank reefs were surveyed by swimming in zig-zag across the spur-groove formation along 500 m. Sponges were the most diverse group with 83 species in 50 genera followed by the scleractinian corals with 56 species in 26 genera and the octocorals with 47 species in 15 genera. New records included eight coral species, 29 octocoral species and 59 sponges. The diversity, species composition and abundance of particular groups varied across the different localities. Northern reefs within the park and the Los Frailes Island offshore had the highest live cover, relative abundance and diversity for the three groups. In general, the Jaragua National Park had the highest diversity of corals, octocorals and sponges reported for the Dominican Republic and rank amongst the highest reported for the northern Caribbean. It is recommended that the area be protected and that fishing activities be regulated or eliminated altogether.


El Parque Nacional Jaragua está localizado en un área remota al SW de la República Dominicana. La actividad humana se limita a pesquerías y minería. Las principales formaciones arrecifales incluyen (a) arrecifes de banco (montículo) creciendo sobre la plataforma en bandas paralelas, separadas por canales de arena y en dirección SE – NW, entre 12 y 25 m de profundidad, (b) arrecifes de franja profundos que se desarrollan en los bordes de la plataforma entre 10 y 45 m de profundidad, y (c) parches arrecifales y comunidades coralinas con poca o ninguna estructura arrecifal en áreas cercanas a la costa y plataformas someras. Nueve localidades fueron muestreadas intensivamente entre Cabo Beata y Bahía Honda mediante buceo autónomo. Se nadó en un patrón de zig-zag (50 m a cada lado) desde el fondo (30 m) hasta la zona somera en los arrecifes frangeantes. Se uso el mismo patrón pero a lo largo (por 500 m) cubriendo el ancho de las bandas en los arrecifes de montículo. Las abundancias relativas y la diversidad de corales escleractínidos, octocorales y esponjas se estimaron en estas bandas. Las esponjas presentaron la mayor diversidad con 83 especies en 50 géneros, seguidas por los corales escleractínidos con 56 especies en 26 géneros y los octocorales con 47 especies en 15 géneros. Nuevos registros para el área incluyen ocho especies de corales, 21 de octocorales y 59 de esponjas. La diversidad, abundancia y distribución de especies de cada grupo varió entre localidades. En general, las localidades del norte y la isla de Los Frailes mar afuera, mostraron las mayores diversidades y abundancias de los tres grupos. En general, el Parque Nacional Jaragua presenta las diversidades más altas de corales, octocorales y esponjas registradas para la República Dominicana y están entre las más diversas para el norte del Caribe. Se recomienda una protección integral del área que incluya una regulación substancial (o prohibición) de las actividades pesqueras.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Anthozoa/classification , Biodiversity , Porifera/classification , Anthozoa/growth & development , Species Specificity , Environmental Monitoring , Fisheries , Porifera/growth & development , Dominican Republic , Geologic Sediments
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